Sains Malaysiana 52(9)(2023): 2645-2655

http://doi.org/10.17576/jsm-2023-5209-14

The Prediction of Landslide Slip Surface Based on the Correlation Between Relative Density and Dynamic Cone Penetration Test

(Ramalan Satah Gelinciran Tanah Runtuh daripada Ketumpatan Relatif dan Ujian Kon Penembusan Dinamik)

NOR SHAHIDAH MOHD NAZER, AHMED MOHAMED KOTB SHAHIN, AZLAN SHAH NERWAN SHAH, GOH THIAN LAI*, MOHD ROZI UMOR & MOHAMAD ANURI GHAZALI

Jabatan Sains Bumi dan Alam Sekitar, Fakulti Sains dan Teknologi, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 UKM Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia

Diserahkan: 18 April 2023/Diterima: 14 Ogos 2023

Abstract

Relative density is one of the most important properties indicating the strength and state of compaction of the soil. The dynamic cone penetration test is considered one of the fastest field tests for evaluating the relative strength of soil layers, including density. In this study, an attempt is made to correlate the relative density of the landslide soil with the dynamic cone penetration results. The aim of this study was to delineate the boundary between moving and in-situ soil for the prediction of slip surfaces and finally to conceptualise the underlying mechanism behind the initiation of a landslide. The results of the penetration tests give an increasing index of 1.9 - 2.4 cm/blow, 2.8 - 3 cm/blow and 3.2 cm/blow for the upper, middle and lower parts (toe), respectively. Using the correlation equation, the calculated relative density in the field was found to agree well with the relative density measured in the laboratory with a standard deviation of ±1.5%. The relationship between the relative density and the penetration index shows an inverse relationship where the resistance of the soil to dynamic penetration increases as the relative density of the soil increases, thus decreasing the penetration index. This result can be used to accurately conceptualize the mechanism behind a landslide using a simple and rapid field device.

Keywords: Dynamic cone penetrometer; landslide; relative density; soil index properties

Abstrak

Ketumpatan relatif adalah salah satu sifat terpenting yang menunjukkan kekuatan dan keadaan pemadatan tanah. Ujian penembusan kon dinamik dianggap sebagai salah satu ujian lapangan terpantas untuk menilai kekuatan relatif lapisan tanah, termasuk ketumpatan. Dalam kajian ini, suatu percubaan dibuat untuk mengaitkan ketumpatan relatif tanah runtuhan tanah dengan keputusan penembusan kon dinamik. Matlamat kajian ini adalah untuk menentukan sempadan antara tanah bergerak dan tanah asal bagi penentuan satah gelinciran dan akhirnya untuk membangunkan mekanisme konsep di sebalik permulaan sesuatu tanah runtuh.  Keputusan ujian penembusan menunjukkan peningkatan indeks sebanyak 1.9 - 2.4 cm/hentakan, 2.8 - 3 cm/hentakan dan 3.2 cm/hentakan, masing-masing untuk bahagian atas, tengah dan bawah. Menggunakan persamaan korelasi, ketumpatan relatif yang dihitung di lapangan didapati berkorelasi dengan baik dengan ketumpatan relatif yang diukur di makmal dengan sisihan piawai ±1.5%. Hubungan antara ketumpatan relatif dan indeks penembusan menunjukkan hubungan songsang dengan rintangan tanah terhadap penembusan dinamik meningkat apabila ketumpatan relatif tanah meningkat, lalu merendahkan indeks penembusan. Keputusan ini boleh digunakan dengan tepat untuk mengkonsepkan mekanisme di sebalik tanah runtuh dengan menggunakan alatan lapangan yang mudah dan pantas.

Kata kunci: Ketumpatan relatif; kon penembusan dinamik; sifat indeks tanah; tanah runtuh

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*Pengarang untuk surat-menyurat; email: gohthianlai@ukm.edu.my